Coordinates	44°52′″N37°22′″N
Native name	Jaipur
Other name	जयपुर
Type	Metropolitan City
Nickname	The Pink City of India
Locator position	left latd 26.9260|longd75.8235|
Skyline	Jaipur Montage.png
Skyline caption	Clockwise from top: Jal Mahal, Narayan Temple, Albert Hall, Hawa Mahal, Jantar Mantar
State name	Rajasthan
District	Jaipur
Leader title	Mayor
Leader name	Jyoti Khandelwal
Leader title 2	MP
Leader name 2	Mahesh Joshi
Leader title 3	Police commissioner
Leader name 3	B. L. Soni
Altitude	431
Population as of	2011
Population total	3910570
Official languages	Hindi
Area total	200.4
Area telephone	0141
Postal code	3020 xx
Vehicle code range	RJ-14
Unlocode	IN JAI
Website	www.jaipur.nic.in
Footnotes	}}

Jaipur () ), also popularly known as the ''Pink City'', is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan. Founded on 18 November 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, the ruler of Amber, the city today has a population of more than 3.9 million.

Jaipur is one of the finest planned cities of India, located in the semi-desert lands of Rajasthan. The city which once had been the capital of the royalty now is the capital city of Rajasthan. The very structure of Jaipur resembles the taste of the Rajputs and the Royal families. At present, Jaipur is a major business centre with all requisites of a metropolitan city.

The city is remarkable among pre-modern Indian cities for the width and regularity of its streets which are laid out into six sectors separated by broad streets 111 ft (34 m) wide. The urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, with a sixth quarter immediately to the east. The Palace quarter encloses a sprawling palace complex, (Hawa Mahal), formal gardens, and a small lake. Nahargarh Fort, which was the residence of the King Sawai Jai Singh II, crowns the hill in the northwest corner of the old city. The observatory, Jantar Mantar, is one of the World Heritage Sites. Jaipur is a popular tourist destination in Rajasthan and India.

History

In ancient time Jaipur region comes under Matsya Kingdom . Modern Jaipur was founded in 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II who ruled from 1699–1744 and initially his capital was Amber, which lies at a distance of 11 km from Jaipur. He felt the need of shifting his capital city with the increase in population and growing scarcity of water. The King consulted several books on architecture and architects before making the layout of Jaipur. Finally under the architectural guidance of Vidyadhar Bhattacharya, (initially an accounts-clerk in the Amber treasury and later promoted to the office of Chief Architect by the King) Jaipur came into existence on the classical basis of principles of Vastu Shastra and similar classical treatise.

After waging several battles with the Marathas, Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II was keen on the security aspect of the city. Being a lover of astronomy, mathematics and astrophysics, Jai Singh sought advice from Vidyadhar Bhattacharya, a Brahmin scholar of Bengal, to aid him to design many other buildings including the Royal Palace in the center of the city.

The construction of the city started in 1727. It took around 4 years to complete the major palaces, roads and square. The city was built following the principles of Shilpa Shastra, the science of Indian Architecture. The city was divided into nine blocks, of which two consist the state buildings and palaces, with the remaining seven allotted to the public. Huge fortification walls were built along with seven strong gates.

For the time, architecture of the town was very advanced and certainly the best in Indian subcontinent. In 1853, when the Prince of Wales visited Jaipur, the whole city was painted pink to welcome him during the regime of Sawai Ram Singh. Today, avenues remain painted in pink, provide a distinctive appearance to the city. In the 19th century the city grew rapidly; by 1900 it had a population of 160,000. The city's wide boulevards were paved and lit.

The city had several hospitals. Its chief industries were of metals and marble, fostered by a school of art (named as 'Madarsa Hunree') founded in 1868. The city also had three colleges, including a Sanskrit college (1865) and a girls' school (1867) initiated under the reign of the enigmatic Maharaja Sawai Ram Singh II. There was also a wealthy and enterprising community of native bankers, particularly the Jain, Marwaris and the administrators Kayastha. Maharaja Sawai Bhawani Singh , the member of the erstwhile maharaja family of Jaipur, died on April 17, 2011 at a private hospital in Gurgaon following multi-organ failure.

Geography and climate

Geography

Jaipur is the headquarters of the Jaipur district which is situated in the eastern part of Rajasthan. It is located at . It has an average elevation of 431 metres (1417 ft).

The major rivers passing through the Jaipur district are Banas and Banganga. Ground water resources to the extent of about 28.65 million cubic meter are available in the district. Although serious drought is rare, poor water management and exploitation of groundwater with extensive tube-well systems threatens agriculture in some areas.

Climate

Jaipur has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification ''''BSh'''') receiving over of rainfall annually but most rains occur in the monsoon months between June and September. Temperatures remain relatively high throughout the year, with the summer months of April to early July having average daily temperatures of around . During the monsoon there are frequent, heavy rains and thunderstorms, but flooding is not common. The winter months of November to February are mild and pleasant, with average temperatures ranging from and with little or no humidity. There are however occasional cold waves that lead to temperatures near freezing.

Fauna

In Jaipur there is a colony of 60 monkeys. Monkeys and elephants are considered to be sacred in India.

Architecture

Jaipur is considered by many urbanites to be one of the best planned cities. In an era when most of the Rajputs were busy fighting with each other, Jaipur's kings diplomatically broadened their control sphere maintaining good relations with the Mughals.

The city was planned according to Indian Vastu Shastra (Vedic Planning for the comfort and prosperity of the citizens). The directions of each street and market are East to West and North to South. The Eastern gate is called Suraj (Sun) Pol, while the Western gate is called Chand (Moon) Pol. There are three gates facing East, West, and North and a Northern gate (known as Zorawar Singh gate) which faces toward the ancestral capital of Amber, while many gates face South.

Although the present city has expanded from outside of its walls, the original planning was within the walls. The gates used to be closed at sunset and opened at sunrise. Almost all Northern Indian towns of that period presented a chaotic picture of narrow twisting lanes, a confusion of run-down forts, temples, palaces, and temporary shacks that bore no resemblance at all to the principles set out in Hindu architectural manuals which call for strict geometric planning. Thus, for Sawai Jai Singh II and the Bengali advisor Vidyadhar, the founding of Jaipur was also a ritual and a great opportunity to plan a whole town according to the principles of Hindu architectural theory.

The town of Jaipur is built in the form of an eight-part Mandala known as the 'Pithapada'. Nine signifies the nine planets of the ancient astrological zodiac. It is well known that Sawai Jai Singh II was a great astronomer and a town planner, and hence the 'Pithapada'. Also, the commercial shops are designed in multiples of nine (27), having one cross street for a planet.

Administration

The administration is handled here at the State, Division and District Level. Jaipur being the capital of the state, has the Secretariat which has almost all the administrative officers looking into the functioning of the State Government. Apart from the Secretariat, Jaipur has the state police headquarters also.

Politics

The recent (2008) general election showed tremendous swing toward the Indian National Congress (INC) with Ashok Gehlot emerging as the Chief Minister of Rajasthan. The INC had won only 2 of 14 parliament elections in the past. Currently Mahesh Joshi is the MP from Jaipur. Previously, Girdhari Lal Bhargava of BJP was the MP from Jaipur, who won for the first time in 1989 and has been elected six times since then.

Jaipur Districts has 19 constituencies for electing MLA (Member of Legislative Assembly) of Rajasthan, namely Shahpura, Chaksu, Bassi, Bagru, Sanganer, Malviya Nagar, Adarsh Nagar, Kishanpole, Civil Lines, Vidhyadhar Nagar, Hawa Mahal, Jamva Ramgarh, Amber or Amer, Banipark, Dudu, Phulera, Chomu, Virat Nagar and Kotputli. Banipark is the largest among these constituencies. Rajasthan's stalwart Bhairon Singh Shekhawat has also has been elected the Chief Minister of Rajasthan thrice. Jyoti Khandelwal is the new Mayor of Jaipur Municipal Corporation (JMC). Totally, there are 70 seats for Vidhan Parishad in Jaipur District. Mr. B.L. Soni is the first Police Commissioner of Jaipur.

Infrastructure

In the 2008 Conde Nast Traveller Readers Choice Survey, Jaipur was ranked the 7th best place to visit in Asia and in another poll it was ranked third among twelve major Indian cities.

Modern infrastructural facilities are developing fast, and in many cases surpass those of larger cities like Delhi and Kolkata. The city is expanding very quickly and has become a hot spot for development in Rajasthan. Jaipur International Airport is located at a satellite location of Sanganer and offer's flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Kolkata and Guwahati along with sporadic services to International locations such as Dubai.

Jaipur has a well maintained road network with multi-story flyovers and traffic lights with closed circuit cameras. Police control room (PCR) vans are being equipped with GPS to monitor locations and help maintain law and order.

Jaipur boasts of International Living standards with well planned colonies of grid like patterns (sectors and blocks) and parks well maintained by JDA (Jaipur Development Authority). The various Shopping malls and Multiplexes which offer a urban lifestyle to Jaipurites.

Sawai Mansingh Cricket stadium in Jaipur is a popular venue for many International matches and for Indian Premier League matches. Events like Jaipur Jewelry Show and Jaipur Literature Festival offer a common platform for people not only from India but from other countries also, giving Jaipur a cosmopolitan image.

Sawai Mansingh Hospital, SDMH (Durlabhji Hospital) and Fortis Hospital are among the most famed hospitals of Jaipur. Apart from these, there are more than 40 small and mid sized hospitals in the city.

Old city of Jaipur is highly congested, whereas suburbs of Jaipur provide wide roads with free flow of traffic. Tech Park has already became operational, built by Mahindra Group and is expected to complete by 2011.

Economy

Jaipur district is a centre for both traditional and modern industries. It is famous as largest exporter of Gold, Diamond and Stone Jewellery in Asia and only City finishing blue diamond or called Tanzanite in the world. . The main industrial products include: acetylene gas, ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced) cable, all-purpose flour (maida), atta flour, ball bearings, bottling of LPG, ceramics, pottery, cold roll strips, corrugated boxes, deoiled cakes, durries, dyeing and printing, edible oil, electronic items, engraving on brass items, ferrous and non-ferrous castings, gems and jewelry, general engineering and manufacturing, granite slabs and tiles, hand-made paper, handicraft items, halogen automobile headlamps, "hawai" chappals (sandals), household electrical appliances, HT steel strips, iodized salt, lamps, laminated springs for railways, marble statues, marble tiles & slabs, moulded plastic components for electronics, nitrochlorobenzene, oxygen gas, perfumes, pigments, plastic containers, P.P. multifilament yarn, PVC cables, PVC doors, PVC footwear, canvas shoes, Portland cement, ready made garments (clothing), re-roller products, semolina (suji), steel furniture, steel ingots, stone grits, synthetic leather, suits & shirts made of synthetic materials, tablets and capsules, two way radio and line, washing soap, wheat, woollen carpets, refined vegetable oil and vanaspati ghee heavy Steel fabrication, brass and lacquer work, enamel work, gems and jewellery, granite tiles, handlooms, printed cloth and textiles, ready made garments, woollen and silk carpets.

Jaipur has been ranked 31 among the 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing cities. Genpact and Infosys have their BPO already established and running successfully. In fact Genpact has the fastest growing location in Jaipur. Real Estate business is flourishing well from last 2–3 years. Some of the companies already present here include MICO, Coca Cola, IBM, Ericsson and NEI populary known as NBC Bearings.

Jaipur also has Reserve bank of India and many other prominent international banks. India's largest integrated IT SEZ Mahindra World City is located in Jaipur. Master planned by Jurong Constructions Singapore it covers nearly of land off Ajmer highway and has already attracted major companies like Infosys, TCS, Wipro, Tech Mahindra, ISYS BPO Services, Truworth and Deutsche Bank. India's one of a kind World Trade Park is also under construction in Malaviya Nagar. It will be having a luxury hotel, business halls and many showrooms of international brands. In coming years it is projected to become a hub for modern business development in Jaipur.

Number of large and medium scale running units: 48 Number of small scale units: 19,544 Number of industrial areas: 19 (Bagru, Bassi, Bais Godam, Bindyaka, Dudu, Hirawala, Jetpura, Jhotwara, Kaladera, Kanakpura, Kartarpura, Malviya Nagar, Phulera, Renwal, Sanganer, Shahpura, Sitapura, Sudarshanpur and Vishwakarma). Jaipur is soon planned to have an International Convention Centre and a Golf course. A film city near Agra highway is also in the pipeline.

Tourism

Jaipur is a very famous tourist and education destination in India. Lots of people flock to Jaipur to view the various forts and monuments in Jaipur which reflect its glorious past. Tourism is a significant part of Jaipur's economy. Some of the world's best hotels are located here. Major facilities and infrastructure development are expected to increase the number of tourists visiting Jaipur. The city provides opportunities for niche tourism like ''Dental tourism''. Tourism contributes a significant amount to Jaipur's income.

Forts & Monuments

Jaipur has a number of forts and monuments like Hawa Mahal, Amber Fort, Jaigarh Fort, Nahargarh Fort, City Palace, Jantar Mantar, Jal Mahal, Rambagh Palace, Central Museum, (Albert Hall Museum)

Temples & Places for Worship

The landscape of Jaipur is dotted with numerous temples and religious places. One can find temples in almost every street. It is because of the numerous temples, and religiosity among people that it is sometimes also known as Chhoti Kashi. Some of the famous temples in Jaipur include Govind Dev Ji Temple, Galtaji, ( Lakshmi Narayan Mandir) commanly known as Birla Temple), Garh Ganesh Temple, Shila Devi Temple in Amber, Tadkeshwara Mahadev, Panchayati Hall,Radha Govind Ji Temple. The All Saint's Church near Mirza Ismail Road built more than 130 years ago by the rulers of Jaipur for the small Christian population is an excellent example of the high quality of workmanship during that period.

Gardens

The city is dotted with beautiful gardens and parks. Prominent among them are Ram Niwas Garden, Sisodia Rani Garden and Palace, Vidyadhar Garden, Kanak Vrindavan, Central Park, Jawahar Circle Garden, Technology Park in Mansarover, Vidyadhar ka Bagh in Goner.

Other places of interest include Chand Baori (stepwell), Chokhi Dhani (a village resort), Kathputhli slum a Jaipur slum, Raj Mandir Cinema (a beautiful cinema hall).

Demographics

{{IndiaCensusPop |title= Jaipur population |1981= 1015200 |1991= 1518200 |2001= 2322575 |2011= 3701256 |footnote= Source: Census of India }} As of 2001 India census, Jaipur Municipal Corporation area had a population of 37,22,575. The Jaipur District had a population of 66,51,071 with 35.10% increase in population since 1991. While 50.63% people lived in rural areas, 49.36% lived in urban areas. The overall literacy rate for the district was 69.80%. 82.80% males and 55.52% females were literate. The sex ratio was 897 (females per 1000 males).The major religion is Hinduism. Muslims and Jains also form a sizable chunk of the population.

Hindi and Rajasthani are the most common language for communication. English, Punjabi, Sindhi are also widely spoken.According to National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report of 2009, Jaipur ranks 3rd in the list of 35 Indian cities with a population of more than 10 lakh in the crime rate. City's main jail is Jaipur Central Jail.

Culture

Jaipur is a hotspot for culture. Cultural Centres like Jawahar Kala Kendra and Ravindra Manch have helped promote the unique culture of the state of Rajasthan. Albert Hall Museum (Government Central Museum) hosts several arts and antiquities. There is a Government Museum at Hawa Mahal, an art gallery at Viratnagar. Jaipur also hosts the Numismatic Section, Directorate. The Town Hall (Old Vidhan Sabha Bhawan) is slated to be converted into a museum. There are figurines depicting various forms of Rajasthani culture along various parts of the city. The city also decorated its flyovers with different interesting themes.

Arts and Crafts

The rulers of Jaipur patronized a number of arts and crafts. They invited skilled artisans, artists and craftsmen from India and abroad. The different communities settled in various parts of city and made Jaipur their home. As a result, Jaipur is a major hub for various kinds of arts and crafts. Some of the crafts include Bandhani; Block printing; Stone carving and Sculpture; Tarkashi; Zari, Gota, Kinari and Zardozi; Silver Jewellery; Gems, Kundan, Meenakari and Jewellery; Miniature paintings; Blue Pottery; Ivory carving; Shellac work; Leatherware, etc.

Performing Arts

Jaipur also has its own performing arts. The Jaipur Gharana of Kathak is a notable example. Others include Tamasha.

Cuisine

The city has a very delectable cuisine. Some of the local dishes have become world-famous names. Typical dishes include Dal Baati Churma, Missi Roti. Sweet dishes include Ghevar, Feeni, Chauguni ke laddu, Mohan Thal.

Festivals

A number of festivals are organized in the city at various time of the year. Some of them include Gangaur Festival, Jaipur Literature Festival, Kite festival, Teej festival, Shitla Mata Fair, Chaksu Fair, Elephant Fair.

Sports

Polo, Shooting, Golf, Cricket, Tennis, Badminton, Kabaddi are the most popular sports in the city. Sawai Mansingh Stadium having a seating capacity of 30,000 has hosted many national and international cricket matches. Besides cricket, the sports complex has excellent sports facilities for various indoor and outdoor sports. Many international badminton and tennis tournaments have happened here. The city is also represented in the IPL by the team Rajasthan Royals. The Polo Club caters to Polo lovers and permits free entrance to public spectators during the polo season. The JDA Shooting Ranges at Jagatpura provide world class facilities for Air Gun, Trap and Skeet Shooting and are open to public. The Rambagh Golf Club, located next to the Rambagh Palace and the Polo Club is open to public for playing golf. Jai Club and other clubs throughout city provide facilities for other sports. Most of the schools have excellent sports facilities for ball games such as cricket,football,tennis, basketball, hockey, etc.

Education

Recently, Jaipur has become a developed centre for education. The city is very peaceful and many north Indian families prefer to send their offspring to Jaipur for higher and technical education. Jaipur has more than 60 Engineering colleges, 40 Business management institutes, 15 Pharmacy Institutes, 4 hotel management Institutes, 3 Medical colleges and 6 Dental colleges. It also has 8 universities including the Rajasthan University. Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur and The LNM Institute of Information Technology, Jaipur ( Deemed University ) are one of the best technical institutes in India. The city is also home to more than 250 schools affiliated with CBSE and ICSE, Prominent amongst them are the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh Vidyala, Maharani Gaytri Devi School, Army Public School, St. Xavier's School, Step by Step, Maheshwari Public School etc.

Media

Newspapers in Jaipur include Hindi dailies as Rajasthan Patrika, Dainik Bhaskar, Navbharat Times, and English dailies such as The Times of India, The Economic Times, The Hindustan Times, The Hindu, etc. The state-owned All India Radio Jaipur is broadcast both on the Medium Wave and FM bands in the city. It competes with six private local FM stations—Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz), Radio City (91.1 MHz), My FM (94.3 MHz), Radio Tadka 95 FM (95.0 MHz), Gyan Vaani (105.6 MHz) and South Asia FM (Red FM) (93.5 MHz). The city also has a community FM channel in FM Radio 7 by India International School Institutional Network. The public broadcaster Doordarshan (Prasar Bharati) provides a regional channel besides the mainstay channels. DTH is gaining popularity over private cable operators for television viewing. The city's telephone services are provided by landline and mobile operators such as BSNL, Reliance CDMA & Reliance GSM, Airtel, MTS, Uninor, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea and Tata Indicom.

Transport

Road

The city of Jaipur is the capital of the state of Rajasthan and is centrally located. National Highway No.8 links Delhi to Mumbai, National Highway No.12 links to Kota and National Highway No.11 links Bikaner to Agra, passing through Jaipur district with a total length of 366 km. The total length of different types of roads in the district was approximately 4,102 km in March 2000.RSRTC operates bus service to all the parts of Rajasthan and New delhi, Uttar pradesh, Haryana, Madhya pradesh, Gujarat.Bus service is operated from Sindhi camp, Jawahar nagar bus stand, Durgapura bus stand, Sodala bus stand.

City Bus

City buses are operated by Jaipur City Transport Services Limited(JCTSL). of RSRTC under JNNURM. The total number of city buses being operated stands more than 300. It includes both regular buses and low-floor buses. There are 3 bus depots Vaishali Nagar, vidyadhar nagar and Sanganer.The city bus service covers whole city.AC Low floor buses are also operated by JCTCL. A ''Hop on Hop off Bus Service'' is also proposed for tourists.

Jaipur BRTS

Jaipur Bus Rapid Transit Service was approved by government in August 2006 for implementation. The responsibility for managing Jaipur BRTS has been given to JCSTL, a Special Purpose Vehicle formed by Jaipur Development Authority and Jaipur Nagar Nigam in a joint venture. The BRTS is expected to cater to city's growing traffic for next 15–20 years. In Phase I, two corridors have been proposed.

Sikar Road to Tonk Road – ''North-South Corridor''

Ajmer Road to Delhi Road – ''East-West Corridor''

A section of ''North-South Corridoor'' from C-Zone Bypass near Harmada to Pani Pech became operational in 2010.

Rail

Jaipur Railway Station is the headquarters of the North Western Railway zone of the Indian Railways. It has direct trains on the broad gauge network to all major cities in Rajasthan and India such as Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Kota, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Gandhinagar, Pune, Indore, Bhopal, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Nagpur, Raipur, Lucknow, Kanpur, Varanasi, Patna, Trivendrum etc. and metre gauge network to Sri Ganganagar, Churu and Sikar. One of India's most famous and luxurious trains The Palace on Wheels, also makes a scheduled stop in Jaipur.

Jaipur Metro

Am ambitious rapid transit rail project by the name Jaipur Metro is under progress. It will provide means of faster commutation for the city residents. It is expected to be operational by 2014.

Air

Jaipur International Airport is situated in its satellite town of Sanganer, at a distance of 10 km from city center and offers sporadic service to major domestic and international locations. The ''Terminal 1'' is used for both international and domestic flights, while ''Terminal 2'' is reserved for domestic carriers. The airport handled 255,704 international and 1,267,876 passengers in 2009-2010. Jaipur Airport also provides air cargo services. The up-gradation of airport has offered improved connectivity and wider choice of services to air travellers, boosting both international tourism and economic development of the region. Frequently, during winter, many flights for Indira Gandhi International Airport are diverted to Jaipur airport due to heavy fog in Delhi.

Sister cities

Jaipur has the following sister cities: Fremont, California, United States since 1993 Calgary, Alberta, Canada since 1973 Lagos, Nigeria Paris, France

References

Further reading

R.S. Khangarot, P.S. Nathawat ''Jaigarh- The Invincible Fort of Amber,'' RBSA Publishers, Jaipur (1990)

Andreas Volwahsen, ''Cosmic Architecture in India: The Astronomical Monuments of Maharaja Jai Singh II,'' Prestel Mapin, Munich (2001)

J Sarkar, ''A History of Jaipur'', Orient Longman Limited, New Delhi (1984)

Bharat singh

Kavi Shiromani Bhatt Mathuranath Shastry "Jaipur Vaibhawam" (History of Jaipur witten in Sanskrit verses), 1948, (Re-Published by Kalanath Shastry), "Manjunath Smriti Sansthan, Jaipur (2002)

External links

Jaipur District Administration site

Department of Urban Development and Housing, Government of Rajasthan

Official Website of Jaipur Development Authority

Official Website of Jaipur Municipal Corporation

Pink.City.Mag: A digital magazine about Pink City Jaipur.

Hospitals in Jaipur

Evolution of Jaipur

Category:Indian capital cities Category:Cities and towns in Jaipur district Category:Planned cities in India Category:Railway stations in Rajasthan Category:Populated places established in 1727 Category:Jaipur railway division Category:Divisions of Indian Railways Category:North Western Railway Zone

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Coordinates	44°52′″N37°22′″N
name	Susheela Raman
landscape	yes
background	solo_singer
birth name	Susheela Raman
born	July 21, 1973 Hendon, London, UK|
genre	Ambient, carnatic, jazz, blues, folk, trance
occupation	Singer-songwriter, composer, arranger
years active	1997–present
label	XIII Bis Narada
website	susheelaraman.com Susheela Raman Myspace
notable instruments	}}

Susheela Raman (born in Hendon, London, UK on July 21, 1973) is an acclaimed British Tamil musician. Raman has released five albums since 2001. Her debut album ''Salt Rain'' was nominated for the Mercury Prize in 2001.

Biography

Early years

Susheela Raman's parents are Tamil Brahmins from Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu, India, who arrived in London, UK in the mid-sixties. At the age of four, Raman and her family left the UK for Australia. Susheela grew up singing South Indian classical music and began giving recitals at an early age. She recalls how her family "were eager to keep our Tamil culture alive." As a teenager in Sydney she started her own band, describing its sound as “funk and rock and roll”, before branching out into more blues and jazz-based music, which demanded quite different voice techniques. She tried to bring these streams together when in 1995 she travelled to India to rediscover her roots by way of further exploring Carnatic music. She currently resides on Portobello Road, West London.

Music career

Returning to England in 1997, she started to work with her partner, guitarist/producer Sam Mills who had made a record called "Real Sugar" with a Bengali singer named Paban Das Baul. This record inspired Raman, because according to her "it bridged a gap and found common ground for one particular kind of Indian music to be expressed to a new audience." In 1999, Raman co-wrote songs for the album ''One and One is One'' by Joi, also performing on the track “Asian Vibes.” Mill's had worked with West African musicians in the group Tama which also opened musical contact points within the Parisian music scene.

After a period of three years experimenting and collaborating with Sam Mills, Raman made her first album ''Salt Rain''. Released in 2001 on Narada, an American subsidiary of EMI, it went gold in France and in the UK was shortlisted for the Mercury Music Prize. She also won the Best Newcomer award from BBC Radio 3. ''Salt Rain'' drew on traditional Tamil music blended with jazz-folk and pop influences. It featured original material, as well as old songs Raman sang at recitals when younger.

In 2003 she released her second album ''Love Trap'' which featured amongst other collaborators the Nigerian drummer Tony Allen and Tuvan singer Albert Kuvezin of the group Yat-Kha. The title track is a re-interpretation of an Ethiopian song from the seventies by the singer Mahmoud Ahmed. In 2005, came a third album, ''Music for Crocodiles''. This was partly recorded in Chennai (Madras) in India. This included "The Same Song" which was used by Mira Nair for the end credits of her film ''The Namesake''. (Nair also used Raman's version of the 60's Hindi film song "Ye Mera Divanapan Hai' from the previous album). She sings for the first time in French with the song "L'Ame Volatile". Her training in Carnatic classical music makes its presence felt in Tamil classical titles such as "Sharavana," her singing "Meanwhile" (on the same album) in a rāgam called Kanakaangi, and in the song "Light Years" which features a melody in Kalyani rāgam as well as the veena playing of Punya 'Devi' Srinivas.

In 2006 Susheela was again nominated for a BBC World Music Award and was the subject of a one-hour documentary by French-German TV Channel ARTE, called ''Indian Journey'' directed by Mark Kidel.

Susheela's deal with Narada ended in 2006 and that year she independently recorded an album ''33'' which is a set of re-imaginings of some album tracks from the sixties and seventies. Artists covered include Bob Dylan, John Lennon, The Velvet Underground, Captain Beefheart, Jimi Hendrix, Can and Throbbing Gristle. The album features long term collaborators Sam Mills on guitar, Vincent Segal on cello, and tabla player and percussionist Aref Durvesh.

The album was released in April 2007 in France on the independent label XIII Bis.

Raman has also garnered acclaim for her live performances. She continues to research and discover music from Tamil Nadu, studying in 2007 with the Bhakti singer Kovai Kamla. Collaborator Sam Mills is currently working with Tamil Nadu film musicians for a future project.

Discography

''Salt Rain'' (2001) #29 FRA

''Love Trap'' (2003) #32 FRA

''Music for Crocodiles'' (2005) #51 FRA

''33'' (2007) #120 FRA

''Vel'' (2011)

Video

"Vodoo child"

"You do right / Bolo bolo"

‘Ganapati’ (dir/DOP: Andrew Catlin) (2001)

‘Salt Rain’ (dir/DOP: Andrew Catlin) (2001)

‘Maya’ (dir/DOP: Andrew Catlin) (2002)

References

External links

www.susheelaraman.com

Music for Crocodiles CD Review

Susheela Raman Biography

Susheela Raman feature

Susheela Raman First date of the VEL French Tour 2011

Category:1973 births Category:Living people Category:English female singers Category:Narada Productions artists Category:British people of Indian descent Category:Tamil musicians Category:Indian Tamil people Category:British Hindus Category:British people of Tamil descent Category:People from Hendon Category:Carnatic musicians Category:English jazz musicians Category:English blues musicians Category:English trance musicians

de:Susheela Raman fr:Susheela Raman nn:Susheela Raman tr:Susheela Raman

Coordinates	44°52′″N37°22′″N
name	Salman Khan
birth name	Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan
birth place	Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
birth date	December 27, 1965
occupation	Film actortelevision presenter
yearsactive	1988–present
othername	}}

Salman Khan (, pronounced ; born Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan on 27 December 1965) is an Indian film actor. He has starred in more than 80 Hindi films.

Khan, who made his acting debut with a minor role in the drama ''Biwi Ho To Aisi'' (1988), had his first commercial success with the blockbuster ''Maine Pyar Kiya'' (1989), for which he won a Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut. He went on to star in some of Hindi cinema's most successful films of those times, such as ''Saajan'' (1991), ''Hum Aapke Hain Kaun'' (1994), ''Karan Arjun'' (1995), ''Judwaa'' (1997), ''Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya'' (1998) and ''Biwi No.1'' (1999), having appeared in the highest earning films of six separate years during his career.

In 1999, Khan won a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for his extended appearance in ''Kuch Kuch Hota Hai'' (1998), and since then has starred in several critical and commercial successes, including ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'' (1999), ''Tere Naam'' (2003), ''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi'' (2004), ''No Entry'' (2005), ''Partner'' (2007), ''Wanted'' (2009) and ''Dabangg'' (2010), which has become the second highest-grossing Bollywood film of all-time, and ''Ready'' (2011). Khan has thus established himself as one of the leading actors of Hindi cinema.

Early life

Khan is the eldest son of screenwriter Salim Khan and his first wife Salma (maiden name Sushila Charak), his paternal grandfather came to India from Afghanistan and settled in Madhya Pradesh whereas his mother is a Marathi Hindu. His stepmother is Helen, a former actress, who has co-starred with him in a few films. He has two brothers, Arbaaz Khan and Sohail Khan, and two sisters, Alvira and Arpita. Alvira is married to actor/director Atul Agnihotri.

Khan finished his schooling through St. Stanislaus High School in Bandra, Mumbai, as did his younger brothers Arbaaz and Sohail. Earlier, he studied at The Scindia School, Gwalior for a few years along with younger brother Arbaaz.

Career

1980s

Salman Khan made his acting debut with a supporting role in the 1988 film ''Biwi Ho To Aisi''. His first leading role in a Bollywood movie was in Sooraj R. Barjatya's romantic family drama ''Maine Pyar Kiya'' (1989), one of India's highest grossing films. It earned him a Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut, as well as his first nomination for a Best Actor at Filmfare.

1990s

1990 saw one film release starring Khan, ''Baaghi: A Rebel for Love''. The film was a box office success, followed by four hit films in 1991, ''Patthar Ke Phool'', ''Sanam Bewafa'', ''Kurbaan'' and ''Saajan''. Despite these early successes, nearly all of his 1992–1993 releases resulted in box office failures. In 1995 he starred in Rakesh Roshan's ''Karan Arjun'' alongside Shahrukh Khan.

In 1996, Khan performed in two movies, Sanjay Leela Bhansali's directional debut ''Khamoshi: The Musical'', a box office failure, but critically acclaimed; and Raj Kanwar's action hit ''Jeet''. He had two releases in 1997: ''Judwaa'' and ''Auzaar''. The former was a comedy directed by David Dhawan where he played a dual role of twins separated at birth.

Khan worked in five different films in 1998, his first release being the comedy ''Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya'' opposite Kajol, one of the biggest commercial successes of that year. This was followed by the moderately successful drama ''Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai''. and ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'', which earned another Best Actor nomination at the Filmfare.

2000s

In 2000, Khan acted in films including ''Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega'' and ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke''. ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' addressed the issue of surrogate childbirth; Khan played the role of a rich industrialist, who hires a surrogate mother after his wife becomes infertile. Critics noted his turn towards a more serious role, which reportedly had more substance in comparison to his previous roles. In 2002 he starred in the delayed release ''Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam''.

For ''Tere Naam'', (2003) Taran Adarsh said of him, "Salman Khan is exceptional in a role that fits him to the T. He breathes fire in sequences that demand uneasiness. But beneath the tough exterior lies a vulnerable person and this facet in particular comes to the fore in the latter reels. His emotional outbursts are splendid..." He subsequently continued his success at the box office, with comedies like ''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi'' (2004) and ''No Entry'' ''(2005)''. He next appeared in the Hollywood movie, ''Marigold: An Adventure in India'' which told the love story of an Indian man and an American woman.

Khan starred in three films throughout 2008, all of which underperformed.

Khan hosted the second season of ''10 Ka Dum'' in year 2009 which turned out to be even more successful than his first season as host of the game show in year 2008. The show got very high TRPs for Sony Entertainment Television and according to reports, the show helped Sony TV regain its third position in the Indian television ratings.

Khan's first film of 2009, ''Wanted'' directed by choreographer turned director Prabhu Deva. In the same year, he appeared in two other films, ''Main Aurr Mrs Khanna'' and ''London Dreams''. While ''London Dreams'' doing average business, only due to the uninspiring music, but ''Main Aurr Mrs Khanna'' made 21 crores through DTH Premiere.

2010s

Khan's first release of 2010 was Anil Sharma's ''Veer''. ''Dabangg'' was produced by his brother Arbaaz Khan, and was released on 10 September 2010. It made a record opening at the box office and Box Office India declared it an all-time blockbuster and the second highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time. For his performance in ''Dabangg'', Khan received a Star Screen Award for Best Actor and a Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Male and was nominated for his sixth Filmfare Award for Best Actor. Anupama Chopra from NDTV wrote about his performance, "It's the role of a lifetime and Salman Khan bites into it like a starving man devours a feast. He inhabits it fully, strutting and swaggering and even, spoofing himself."

Khan's first release of 2011 was ''Ready'' which was released on 3 June. The film broke several box office records and is currently highest grossing Bollywood film of 2011 as well as the third highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time.

Personal life

In 2004, he was voted seventh-best-looking man in the world and the best looking man in India by ''People'' magazine, US. Khan has been involved in several charities during his career.

On 11 October 2007, Khan accepted an offer from Madame Tussauds wax museum in London to have a wax replica made of himself. His life-size wax figure was installed there on 15 January 2008, making him the fourth Indian actor to have been replicated as a wax statue in the museum.

Khan has been the subject of several controversies, including certain legal troubles. On 28 September 2002, Khan was arrested for rash and negligent driving. His car had run into a bakery in Mumbai; one person who was sleeping on the pavement outside the bakery died and three others were injured in the mishap. Charges of culpable homicide were laid against him, but later dropped, and he was found not guilty. However, he will still have to stand trial for a series of lesser charges pertaining to the incident. On 17 February 2006, Khan was sentenced to one year in prison for hunting an endangered species, the Chinkara. The sentence was stayed by a higher court during appeal. On 10 April 2006, Salman was handed a five year jail term for hunting the endangered Chinkara. He was remanded to Jodhpur jail, and remained there until 13 April when he was granted bail. On 24 August 2007, the Jodhpur sessions court, upheld the 5 year jail term for Khan in the Chinkara poaching case by turning down his appeal against the 2006 judgement. At the time of the hearing, he was busy with a shooting elsewhere, while his sister attended the proceedings. The day after, he was placed under police arrest in Jodhpur after a Rajasthan court upheld a prison sentence passed upon him for poaching. On 31 August 2007, Khan was released on bail from the Jodhpur Central jail where he spent six days.

Khan has dated several actresses, including Somy Ali. His relationship with actress Aishwarya Rai was a well publicised topic in the Indian media. After their break-up in March 2002, Rai accused him of harassing her. She claimed that Khan had not been able to come to terms with their break-up and was hounding her; her parents lodged a complaint against him. In 2005, news outlets released what was said to be an illicit copy of a mobile phone call recorded in 2001 by the Mumbai police. It appeared to be a call in which he threatened Rai, in an effort to force her to appear at social events held by Mumbai crime figures. The call featured boasts of connections to organised crime and derogatory comments about other actors. However, the alleged tape was tested in the government's Forensic lab in Chandigarh, which concluded that it was fake.

In August 2011 he admitted he suffers from trigeminal neuralgia, a facial nerve disorder commonly known as the suicide disease. In an interview he said that he has been quietly suffering it for the past seven years, but now the pain’s become unbearable. It has even affected his voice, making it much harsher.

Awards and nominations

Filmography

Actor

{|class="wikitable" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f9f9f9; |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Other notes |- | 1988 | ''Biwi Ho To Aisi'' | Vicky Bhandari | |- | 1989 | ''Maine Pyar Kiya'' | Prem Choudhary | Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |- | 1990 | ''Baaghi: A Rebel for Love'' | Saajan Sood | |- |rowspan="5"| 1991 | ''Sanam Bewafa'' | Salman Khan | |- | ''Patthar Ke Phool'' | Inspector Suraj | |- | ''Kurbaan'' | Akash Singh | |- | ''Love'' | Prithvi | |- | ''Saajan'' | Akash Varma | |- |rowspan="4"| 1992 | ''Suryavanshi'' | Vicky/Suryavanshi Vikram Singh | |- | ''Ek Ladka Ek Ladki'' | Raja | |- | ''Jaagruti'' | Jugnu | |- | ''Nishchaiy'' | Rohan Yadav/Vasudev Gujral | |- | rowspan="2" | 1993 | ''Chandra Mukhi'' | Raja Rai | |- | ''Dil Tera Aashiq'' | Vijay | |- |rowspan="4"| 1994 | ''Andaz Apna Apna'' | Prem Bhopali | |- | ''Hum Aapke Hain Kaun...!'' | Prem Niwas | |- | ''Chaand Kaa Tukdaa'' | Shyam Malhotra | |- | ''Sangdil Sanam'' | Kishan | |- |rowspan="2"| 1995 | ''Karan Arjun'' | Karan Singh/Ajay | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |- | ''Veergati'' | Ajay | |- |rowspan="4"| 1996 | ''Majhdhaar'' | Gopal | |- | ''Khamoshi: The Musical'' | Raj | |- | ''Jeet'' | Raju | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor |- | ''Dushman Duniya Ka'' | | Special appearance |- |rowspan="4"| 1997 | ''Judwaa'' | Raja/Prem Malhotra | |- | ''Auzaar'' | Inspector Suraj Prakash | |- | ''Dus'' | Captain Jeet Sharma | Incomplete film |- | ''Deewana Mastana'' | Prem Kumar | Special appeaance |- |rowspan="5"| 1998 | ''Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya'' | Suraj Khanna | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |- | ''Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai'' | Suraj DhanrajgirHai | |- | ''Sar Utha Ke Jiyo'' | | Special appearance |- | ''Bandhan'' | Raju | |- | ''Kuch Kuch Hota Hai'' | Aman Mehra | Extended guest appearance Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor |- |rowspan="6"| 1999 | ''Jaanam Samjha Karo'' | Rahul | |- | ''Biwi No.1'' | Prem | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role |- | ''Sirf Tum'' | Prem | Special appearance |- | ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'' | Sameer Rafillini | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |- | ''Hello Brother'' | Hero | |- | ''Hum Saath-Saath Hain: We Stand United'' | Prem | |- |rowspan="5"| 2000 | ''Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge'' | Raja Oberoi | |- | ''Chal Mere Bhai'' | Prem Oberoi | |- | ''Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega'' | Raj/Romi | |- | ''Dhaai Akshar Prem Ke'' | | Special appearance |- | ''Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye'' | Prem Kapoor | |- | 2001 | ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' | Raj Malhotra | |- |rowspan="3"| 2002 | ''Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge'' | Veer Singh Thakur/Ali | |- | ''Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam'' | Suraj | |- | ''Yeh Hai Jalwa'' | Raj 'Raju' Saxena/Raj Mittal | |- |rowspan="4"| 2003 | ''Love at Times Square'' | | Special appearance |- | ''Stumped'' | | Special appearance |- | ''Tere Naam'' | Radhe Mohan | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |- | ''Baghban'' | Alok Raj | Special appearance Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor |- |rowspan="4"| 2004 | ''Garv: Pride and Honour'' | Inspector Arjun Ranavat | |- | ''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi'' | Sameer Malhotra | |- | ''Phir Milenge'' | Rohit Manchanda | Extended guest appearance |- | ''Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa'' | Rishabh | |- |rowspan="4"| 2005 | ''Lucky: No Time for Love'' | Aditya | |- | ''Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?'' | Dr. Samir Malhotra | |- | ''No Entry'' | Prem | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role |- | ''Kyon Ki'' | Anand | |- |rowspan="4"| 2006 | ''Saawan... The Love Season'' | Sameer Sam | Extended guest appearance |- | ''Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar'' | Ayaan | |- | ''Jaan-E-Mann'' | Suhaan | |- | ''Baabul'' | Avinash Kapoor | |- |rowspan="5"| 2007 | ''Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute To Love'' | Rahul | |- | ''Partner'' | Prem Love Guru | |- | ''Marigold: An Adventure in India'' | Prem | English language film |- | ''Om Shanti Om'' | Himself | Special appearance in song ''Deewangi Deewangi'' |- | ''Saawariya'' | Imaan | Extended guest appearance |- |rowspan="4"| 2008 | ''God Tussi Great Ho'' | Arun Prajapati | |- | ''Hello'' | Cheetan Bhagat | Special appearance |- | ''Heroes'' | Balkar Singh/Jassvinder Singh | |- | ''Yuvvraaj'' | Deven Yuvvraaj | |- |rowspan="4"| 2009 | ''Wanted'' | Radhe/Rajveer Shikhawat | |- | ''Main Aurr Mrs Khanna'' | Samir Khanna | |- | ''London Dreams'' | Mannu (Manjit Khosla) | |- | ''Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani'' | Himself | Special appearance |- |rowspan="5"| 2010 | ''Veer'' | Veer | |- | ''Prem Kaa Game'' | The Sutradhaar (Narrator) | Special appearance |- | ''Dabangg'' | Inspector Chulbul Pandey (Robinhood Pandey) | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |- | ''Tees Maar Khan'' | Himself | Special appearance in song ''Wallah Re Wallah'' |- | ''Isi Life Mein'' | Himself | Special appearance |- |rowspan="3"| 2011 | ''Ready'' | Prem Kapoor | |- | ''Bodyguard'' | Lovely Singh | |- | ''Tell Me O Kkhuda'' | | Cameo |- |rowspan="2"| 2012 | ''Ek Tha Tiger'' | | Filming |- | ''Sher Khan'' | | Pre-production |}

Television presenter

''10 Ka Dum'' (Season 1 & 2)

''Bigg Boss'' (Season 4)

Writer

''Veer'' (2010)

Producer

''Chillar Party'' (2011)

See also

List of Indian Actors

List of people from Madhya Pradesh

References

Further reading

External links

Category:1965 births Category:Filmfare Awards winners Category:Indian actors Category:Indian film actors Category:Indian television presenters Category:Indian Muslims Category:People from Indore Category:Hindi film actors Category:Living people Category:Scindia School alumni Category:Bigg Boss Category:Indian people of Afghan descent

ar:سلمان خان az:Salman Xan bn:সলমান খান bg:Салман Хан ca:Salman Khan da:Salman Khan de:Salman Khan es:Salman Khan fr:Salman Khan gu:સલમાન ખાન hi:सलमान ख़ान id:Salman Khan it:Salman Khan he:סלמן ח'אן jv:Salman Khan kn:ಸಲ್ಮಾನ್‌ ಖಾನ್‌ hu:Szalmán Khán ml:സൽമാൻ ഖാൻ mr:सलमान खान ms:Salman Khan no:Salman Khan ps:سلمان خان pl:Salman Khan ru:Хан, Салман fi:Salman Khan sv:Salman Khan ta:சல்மான் கான் te:సల్మాన్ ఖాన్ th:ซัลมาน ข่าน tg:Салмонхон ur:سلمان خان zh:沙萊曼·罕